Key figures
Who is fighting
India
- Indian Army
- Indian Air Force
- Indian Navy
- Border Security Force
- Israel (drones and munitions supplier)
- France and Russia (aircraft suppliers)
Pakistan
- Pakistan Army
- Pakistan Air Force
- Pakistan Navy
- Pakistan Rangers
- China (J-10C aircraft, PL-15 missiles, reported intelligence support)
- Turkey (drones, reported)
Force sizes are estimates of personnel or fighters, usually from IISS, government statements or specialist reporting; irregular forces are especially hard to count. "(reported)" marks external support that the backer disputes or has not confirmed.
Background
India and Pakistan have disputed Kashmir since partition in 1947 and fought wars in 1947–48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 (Kargil). A Line of Control ceasefire understanding was renewed in February 2021 after years of near-daily firing. India's 2019 revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status froze diplomatic ties.
On 22 April 2025 militants killed 26 civilians at Pahalgam in Indian-administered Kashmir; India blamed Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, suspended the Indus Waters Treaty and expelled diplomats. On 7 May India struck nine sites in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered Kashmir (Operation Sindoor). Four days of drone, missile and artillery exchanges followed, including Pakistani strikes on Indian air bases and Indian strikes on Pakistani bases on 10 May. Pakistan claimed to have shot down Indian aircraft; India acknowledged losses without numbers. A ceasefire was agreed through the Directors General of Military Operations on 10 May 2025, with the United States claiming a mediating role that India disputes.
Since then the Line of Control has been largely quiet apart from counter-infiltration operations on the Indian side, but relations are at one of their lowest points in decades: no trade, no overflights, no cricket, tit-for-tat diplomatic expulsions, and water used as leverage. Pakistan's Foreign Office rejected India's assertions on Kashmir in September 2026 and declared India's new political map 'legally void' in October 2026. Analysts regard a repeat crisis after any mass-casualty attack in India as the main escalation risk in South Asia.
Recent developments
- 10 October 2026Pakistan's Foreign Office rejects India's new map of Kashmir, reiterating its call for a UN-supervised plebiscite. source ↗
- 1 October 2026EU Asylum Agency's regional update describes India–Pakistan relations as adversarial, centred on Kashmir and the 2025 escalation, with the ceasefire in place. source ↗
- 5 May 2026One year on, the US-brokered ceasefire is holding but India's suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty prompts Pakistani warnings about 'water coercion'. source ↗
Timeline
- 22 October 1947First Kashmir war begins after partition; UN-mediated ceasefire in 1949 creates the Line of Control's precursor.
- 3 May 1999Kargil war; India restores positions by July 1999.
- 26 February 2019Balakot air strikes and aerial dogfight after the Pulwama bombing; India revokes Jammu and Kashmir's autonomy in August 2019.
- 25 February 2021Both militaries recommit to the 2003 LoC ceasefire.
- 22 April 2025Pahalgam attack kills 26 civilians; India suspends the Indus Waters Treaty and expels Pakistani diplomats.
- 7 May 2025India launches Operation Sindoor against nine sites; air battle involving over 100 aircraft.
- 10 May 2025Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos; strikes on air bases; ceasefire agreed by DGMOs at 17:00 IST.
- 2 January 2026Brief handshake between India's foreign minister and Pakistan's National Assembly speaker in Dhaka; no formal dialogue follows.
- 1 October 2026Pakistan rejects India's new political map of Jammu and Kashmir as 'legally void'; ceasefire continues to hold.
Casualties and displacement in detail
| Measure | Low | High | What the figure covers · source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total killed (cumulative) | 82 | 200 | May 2025 conflict only. Low: deaths acknowledged by each government about its own side (India 21 civilians + 8 military; Pakistan 40 civilians + 13 military). High adds contested claims: India says 100+ militants and 35–40 Pakistani personnel were killed; Pakistan claims 25–50 Indian soldiers. en.wikipedia.org ↗ |
| Combatants killed | 21 | 90 | Low: 8 Indian and 13 Pakistani military/paramilitary deaths acknowledged by their own governments. High: each side's claims about the other (35–40 Pakistani, 25–50 Indian). en.wikipedia.org ↗ |
| Civilians killed | 61 | 61 | 21 in India (mainly Poonch shelling) and 40 in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered Kashmir, per the respective governments; excludes the 26 killed at Pahalgam on 22 April. en.wikipedia.org ↗ |
| Wounded | – | – | Not consolidated; both sides reported dozens of civilians wounded by shelling. en.wikipedia.org ↗ |
| Deaths in the last 12 months | 0 | 0 | No interstate battle deaths reported between October 2025 and October 2026; the ceasefire has held. Militancy-related deaths inside Kashmir are tracked under the separate Kashmir insurgency entry. washingtonpost.com ↗ |
| Internally displaced | – | – | Tens of thousands temporarily evacuated from border villages in May 2025; no consolidated figure. cfr.org ↗ |
| Refugees abroad | – | – | Not applicable. |
Intensity classification: No battle deaths between the two states since the 10 May 2025 ceasefire; the four-day May 2025 conflict killed roughly 70–120 people by the two governments' own counts (India: 21 civilians and 8 military; Pakistan: 40 civilians and 13 military; plus contested claims of 100+ militants and 25–50 soldiers). UCDP lists India–Pakistan among the eight interstate conflicts of 2025. Included as a frozen conflict of major public interest..
Countries affected
Frequently asked questions
Who is fighting in the India–Pakistan conflict (2025 crisis and ceasefire)?
India (Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, Border Security Force), supported by Israel (drones and munitions supplier), France and Russia (aircraft suppliers); against Pakistan (Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, Pakistan Navy, Pakistan Rangers), supported by China (J-10C aircraft, PL-15 missiles, reported intelligence support), Turkey (drones, reported).
How many people have been killed?
Estimates range from 82–200 killed as of 10 May 2025. May 2025 conflict only. Low: deaths acknowledged by each government about its own side (India 21 civilians + 8 military; Pakistan 40 civilians + 13 military). High adds contested claims: India says 100+ militants and 35–40 Pakistani personnel were killed; Pakistan claims 25–50 Indian soldiers. Civilian deaths are put at 61. Figures come from the sources listed on this page and differ in method; see the caveats above.
Is the India–Pakistan conflict (2025 crisis and ceasefire) still ongoing in 2026?
Status as of 19 October 2026: Ceasefire / truce — The two nuclear-armed neighbours fought their most intense exchange in decades on 7–10 May 2025 after India launched Operation Sindoor missile and air strikes in response to the 22 April Pahalgam attack that killed 26 tourists; Pakistan replied with Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos, and over 100 aircraft, hundreds of drones and artillery were used before a hotline ceasefire took effect on 10 May. As of October 2026 the ceasefire holds, but there has been no political engagement: India keeps the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance, both countries ban each other's aircraft, diplomatic missions have been cut back, and Pakistan rejected India's new map of Kashmir in October 2026.
When did it start?
The current phase began on 7 May 2025, but the underlying conflict dates back to 1947 — 1 year, 5 months ago.
Sources
- CFR Global Conflict Tracker — India and Pakistan cfr.org
- Wikipedia — 2025 India–Pakistan conflict en.wikipedia.org
- Washington Post — ceasefire holding a year later (May 2026) washingtonpost.com
- CNN — how the May 2025 truce was agreed edition.cnn.com
- Uppsala University — UCDP 2025 release (interstate conflicts) uu.se
More conflicts
Myanmar civil war (military government vs NUG/PDF and ethnic armed organizations)
Afghanistan–Pakistan war (Taliban government vs Pakistan)
Pakistan — TTP insurgency in Khyber PakhtunkhwaBalochistan insurgency (Baloch separatists vs Pakistan)
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (India)
Thailand–Cambodia border conflictManipur ethnic violence (Meitei, Kuki-Zo and Naga communities)
Philippines — Islamist militancy in Mindanao (Dawlah Islamiya, BIFF remnants)Cite or link to this page
Glostats. (2026). India–Pakistan conflict: Casualties & Timeline (2026). Retrieved October 19, 2026, from https://glostats.com/conflicts/india-pakistan-conflict/<a href="https://glostats.com/conflicts/india-pakistan-conflict/">India–Pakistan conflict: Casualties & Timeline (2026)</a> — GlostatsFigures on this page may be quoted, charted or republished as long as the page is credited with a link. Terms · Download the data as CSV · Embed a live counter.
This page summarises publicly available reporting and does not take sides. Casualty and force figures are estimates compiled on 19 October 2026; see each figure's source for its method and date. Page generated 2026-10-19. How this tracker works.